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") Skip to main content -- Menu Instructions 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Introduction Solar Energy The Greenhouse Effect 2. Properties of Sunlight 2. Properties of Sunlight 2.1. Basics of Light Properties of Light Energy of Photon Photon Flux Spectral Irradiance Radiant Power Density 2.2. Blackbody Radiation 2.3. Solar Radiation The Sun Solar Radiation in Space 2.4. Terrestrial Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere Atmospheric Effects Air Mass Motion of the Sun Solar Time Declination Angle Elevation Angle Azimuth Angle The Sun's Position Sun Position Calculator Sun's Position to High Accuracy Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface Arbitrary Orientation and Tilt 2.5. Solar Radiation Data Calculation of Solar Insolation Measurement of Solar Radiation Analysis of Solar Irradiance Data Sets Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY) Making Use of TMY Data Average Solar Radiation Isoflux Contour Plots Sunshine Hour Data Cloud Cover Data Satellite Irradiance 3. Semiconductors & Junctions 3. Semiconductors & Junctions Introduction 3.1. Basics Semiconductor Materials Semiconductor Structure Conduction in Semiconductors Band Gap Intrinsic Carrier Concentration Doping Equilibrium Carrier Concentration 3.2. Generation Absorption of Light Absorption Coefficient Absorption Depth Generation Rate 3.3. Recombination Types of Recombination Lifetime Diffusion Length Surface Recombination 3.4. Carrier Transport Movement of Carriers in Semiconductors Diffusion Drift 3.5. P-n Junctions Formation of a PN-Junction P-N Junction Diodes Bias of PN Junctions Diode Equation 3.6. Diode Equations for PV Ideal Diode Equation Derivation Basic Equations Applying the Basic Equations to a PN Junction Solving for Depletion Region Solving for Quasi Neutral Regions Finding Total Current Eg1: Wide Base Diode Eg2: Narrow Base Diode Summary 4. Solar Cell Operation 4. Solar Cell Operation 4.1. Ideal Solar Cells Solar Cell Structure Light Generated Current Collection Probability Quantum Efficiency Spectral Response The Photovoltaic Effect 4.2. Solar Cell Parameters IV Curve Short-Circuit Current Open-Circuit Voltage Fill Factor Efficiency Detailed Balance Tandem Cells 4.3. Resistive Effects Characteristic Resistance Effect of Parasitic Resistances Series Resistance Shunt Resistance Impact of Both Series and Shunt Resistance 4.4. Other Effects Effect of Temperature Effect of Light Intensity Ideality Factor 5. Design of Silicon Cells 5. Design of Silicon Cells Solar Cell Design Principles 5.1. Optical Properties Optical Losses Anti-Reflection Coatings AR Coating Color DLARC Surface Texturing Material Thickness Light Trapping Lambertian Rear Reflectors 5.2. Reducing Recombination Recombination Losses Current Losses Due to Recombination Voltage Losses due to Recombination Surface Recombination 5.3. Top Contact Design Series Resistance Base Resistance Sheet Resistivity Emitter Resistance Contact Resistance Finger Resistance Optimization of Finger Spacing Metal Grid Pattern 5.4. Solar Cell Structure Silicon Solar Cell Parameters Efficiency and Solar Cell Cost 6. Manufacturing Si Cells 6. Manufacturing Si Cells First Photovoltaic devices Early Silicon Cells 6.1. Silicon Wаfers & Substrates Refining Silicon Types Of Silicon Single Crystalline Silicon Czochralski Silicon Float Zone Silicon Multi Crystalline Silicon Wafer Slicing Other Wafering Techniques 6.2. Processing Technologies Solid State Diffusion 6.3. Cell Fabrication Technologies Screen Printed Solar Cells Buried Contact Solar Cells High Efficiency Solar Cells Rear Contact Solar Cells 6.4. Solar Cell Production Line Source Material Growing Ingots Sawing the Ingot into Bricks Wafer Slicing Texturing Emitter Diffusion Edge Isolation Anti Reflection Coatings Screen Print Front Screen Print Rear Aluminium Screen Print Rear Silver Firing Testing Module 7. Modules and Arrays 7. Modules and Arrays Introduction 7.1. Module Design Module Structure Module Materials Packing Density 7.2. Interconnection Effects Module Circuit Design Mismatch Effects Mismatch for Cells Connected in Series Shading Hot Spot Heating Bypass Diodes Mismatch for Cells Connected in Parallel Mismatch Effects in Arrays 7.3. Temperature Effects PV Module Temperature Heat Generation in PV Modules Heat Loss in PV Modules Nominal Operating Cell Temperature Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stresses 7.4. Other Considerations Electrical and Mechanical Insulation 7.5. Lifetime of PV Modules Degradation and Failure Modes 7.6. Module Measurement Module Measurement without Load Module Measurement with Load 8. Characterization 8. Characterization Introduction 8.1 Measurement of Solar Cell Efficiency Illumination Sources Temperature Control Electronics Probing 8.2. Other IV Measurements Dark IV Measurements Jsc-Voc and Suns-Voc 8.3. IV Characterization Measurement of Series Resistance Double Diode Model Measuring Ideality Factor 8.4. Optical Characterization Reflectance Spectral Response Laser Beam Induced Current 8.5. Lifetime Bulk Lifetime Surface Recombination Transient Measurements Quasi-Steady-State Lifetime Measurements General Lifetime Measurements Effect of Trapping on Lifetime Measurements 8.6. Luminescence Electroluminescence 8.7. Simulation Introduction to Simulation PC1D Tandem Calculations 2D Modeling SEM and EBIC Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements 9. Material Properties 9. Material Properties General Properties of Silicon Optical Properties of Silicon Bi2S3 CZTSSe Theory and Fabrication CdS CdSe CuInSe2 CuO CuS FeS2 Mg2Si MnS SnS TiS2 ZnSe 10. Batteries 10. Batteries Storage in PV Systems 10.2 Battery Basics Oxidation/Reduction Reaction Electrochemical Potential Standard Potential Nernst Equation Basic Battery Operation Ideal battery capacity 10.3 Battery Non-equilibrium 10.4. Battery Characteristics Battery Efficiency Battery Capacity Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters Battery Lifetime and Maintenance Battery Voltage Other Electrical Battery Parameters Summary and Comparison of Battery Characteristics 10.5. Lead Acid Batteries Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries Operation of Lead Acid Batteries 10.6. Other Battery Types 10.7 Function and Use of Storage 11. Appendices 11. Appendices Solar Cell Efficiency Records Standard Solar Spectra Periodic Table Units and Conversions Physical Constants Equations for Photovoltaics Korean Version PDF Equations Flash Animations Interactive Graphs References Welcome to the Photovoltaic Education Network A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics. As a truly interdisciplinary field, young professionals must be fluent with the science, engineering, policy, and market dimensions of this technology, in the context of a growing renewable energy economy The best way to contact the authors is to leave a comment. You will need to create an account but I can then reply to you and it will be seen by others. If you really must send me an email it’s: [email protected] . The feedback form is presently disabled due to spam. The main resource on this site at the present is the PVCDROM: >>>>>>>>> Enter the PVCDROM <<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>> Ingrese PVCDROM en Español <<<<<<<<<<<<< 37 comments Log in or register to post comments 37 comment(s) Español PVeducation goes Python Submitted by stuart on Mon, 07/08/2019 - 09:02 PVeducation goes Python We often have requests for the computer code behind all the calculators on the site. The code is in Javascript to run fast in the browser but the downside is that it is hard to share outside the site and not as useful for learning. To make the code more accessible it is now also in Python. It is available as a library on pypi . The dev...